Silos are a vital part of many farms, but they can also be dangerous if not handled safely. Hazards such as toxic gases, getting trapped in grain, and structure failures put farmers and workers at risk. Understanding these dangers and following these safe practices can help protect lives and make farm work safer for everyone.
1 Stay out of a silo for at least 3–6 weeks after filling it.
Silos store fermented feed, or silage, which releases gases like nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide. These “silo gases” can replace breathable air. They are most dangerous in the first two weeks. Only a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), like those used by firefighters, can provide protection, but this equipment is costly and requires training. The safest approach is to avoid entry when gas levels are high. To minimize gas buildup, keep a blower running for airflow and use a portable gas detector to monitor air quality.
2 Never enter a silo without confirming safe air monitoring.
Before entering a silo, test the air for oxygen levels, combustible gases, vapors, and toxic agents if their presence is suspected. Maintain natural or forced airflow before and during entry unless testing confirms the air is safe. If oxygen levels drop below 19.5%, combustible gases exceed 10% of the lower flammable limit, or toxic agents reach hazardous levels, take additional precautions such as increasing ventilation or using respiratory protection.
3 Dampen moldy silage before removing it.
Watering down silage before removing it reduces airborne dust and lowers the risk of serious respiratory illnesses like Farmer’s Lung or Toxic Organic Dust Syndrome. Moldy silage in both upright and bunker silos can release harmful spores that irritate the lungs. To stay protected, always wear a NIOSH-approved respirator while handling it.
4 Regularly inspect and maintain silo structures.
Older silos, especially those with metal parts, may have weakened ladders, platforms, or corroded sections that increase the risk of falls or collapse. To ensure safety, conduct annual inspections for rust, cracks, and structural weaknesses, and promptly repair or replace any damaged components.
5 Use fall protection for silo access.
Climbing to the top of a silo for inspection or maintenance is dangerous and can lead to serious falls. To stay safe, always wear proper fall protection, such as a harness and lifeline designed for silo work.
6 Use lockout/tagout procedures.
Always turn off and isolate the power using lockout/tagout before starting any maintenance. Doing so prevents unloader augers and other moving parts from starting unexpectedly, which could trap or entangle workers. For added protection, install safety cages around internal augers whenever possible.
7 Work in teams for silo entry.
Silo work can quickly turn deadly if a worker becomes trapped or loses consciousness. Always have a three-person team for silo entry: one entrant, one attendant outside, and one supervisor to call for help if needed. Never enter a silo alone.
8 Restrict unauthorized access.
Untrained workers, children, and visitors may unknowingly enter dangerous silo areas. Install locks, barricades, and multilingual warning signs to keep unauthorized people away.
9 Train workers on silo safety.
Many silo accidents occur due to lack of knowledge or improper procedures. Provide regular training on silo hazards, safety protocols, and the correct use of protective equipment. Ensure all workers understand emergency procedures.
By following these safety measures, you can significantly reduce the risks associated with farm silos. No task is worth risking a life—prioritize safety to protect yourself, your workers, and your family.
For more information on workplace safety, download or stream any of DWC’s free publications or videos. Or contact a safety training specialist today at safetytraining@tdi.texas.gov or 800-252-7031, option 2.