On September 2, 2025, the commissioner of insurance concurred with the request of the Texas FAIR Plan Association (FAIR Plan) to assess participating insurers for the FAIR Plan’s 2024 deficit of $60.1 million. FAIR Plan assessed its participating insurers on September 18, 2025.
Last year, on December 13, 2024, FAIR Plan assessed its participating insurers for its 2023 deficit of $17.6 million.
Below are key dates for both assessments and frequently asked questions and answers related to the assessment and recoupment. TDI is providing this information to facilitate compliance and consistent application of surcharges.
TDI does not provide legal opinions and encourages insurers to consult their own attorneys.
| 2023 Assessment $17.6M |
2024 Assessment $60.1M |
|
|---|---|---|
| Date of assessment | 12/13/2024 | 9/18/2025 |
| First day to recoup | 3/13/2025 | 12/17/2025 |
| Last day to recoup | 3/12/2028 | 12/16/2028 |
Assessments
1. When must an insurer pay FAIR Plan’s assessment?
An insurer must pay FAIR Plan within 30 days after receiving FAIR Plan’s notice of the assessment. 28 TAC § 5.9923(g).
2. What happens if an insurer does not timely pay its assessment?
If an insurer has not paid its assessment within 40 days, FAIR Plan must report that to TDI. The commissioner must immediately take action to suspend or revoke the certificate of authority of each insurer that has not paid its assessment until FAIR Plan certifies that the insurer’s assessment is paid in full. 28 TAC § 5.9923(g).
3. How is an insurer’s assessment calculated?
Insurance Code § 2211.101(b) explains how to calculate an insurer’s participation in FAIR Plan. These calculations differ from those an insurer uses to determine the uniform percentage for surcharges, if the insurer elects to recoup the assessments.
Recouping Assessments
4. Must an insurer recoup its assessment?
No. An insurer may, but is not obligated to, recoup its assessment through a premium surcharge. Insurance Code § 2211.104(b); 28 TAC § 5.9923(c).
5. How may an insurer recoup an assessment?
An insurer may charge “a premium surcharge on every property insurance policy insuring property in this state that the insurer issues, the effective date of which is within the three-year period beginning on the 90th day after the date of the assessments.” Insurance Code § 2211.104(b).
Insurance Code § 2211.104 does not provide other options—such as policy fees or including an expense for ratemaking—for an insurer to reimburse itself for the assessment.
6. What policies are subject to the surcharge?
An insurer may only surcharge property policies with effective dates within the specified three-year period, which starts 90 days after the assessment and continues for three years.
7. May an insurer surcharge some but not all lines of property policies it writes?
No. If an insurer wants to recoup its assessment, it must do so by surcharging “every property insurance policy insuring property in this state that the insurer issues.” Insurance Code § 2211.104(b); 28 TAC § 5.9923.
The statute and rule do not allow an insurer to surcharge some of those policies but not others. Similarly, although insurers are members of FAIR Plan because they write residential coverage, the statute and rule do not limit the policies subject to surcharge to only residential property policies.
8. Are there particular lines of insurance subject to recoupment surcharges, such as inland marine?
All property insurance policies, including farm and ranch insurance, farm and ranch owners insurance, flood, earthquake, wind and hail, and others, are subject to recoupment surcharges. Insurance Code § 2211.104.
The Insurance Code lists lines of insurance to which general provisions for property and casualty rates and policy forms apply.
Inland marine insurance is not subject to recoupment surcharges. Insurance Code § 2251.003(b) and § 2301.003(b) distinguish between “inland marine insurance” and “residential and commercial property insurance, including farm and ranch insurance and farm and ranch owners insurance.” Insurance Code § 2251.003(b)(2), § 2251.003(b)(11), § 2301.003(b)(2), and § 2301.003(b)(11).
9. Are combined policies subject to surcharge?
Policies that combine the coverages listed in Insurance Code § 2251.002(1) and § 2301.002(1) are considered commercial property insurance policies and are subject to recoupment surcharge.
10. How are surcharges calculated?
An insurer that elects to recoup its assessment must calculate surcharges as “a uniform percentage of the premium on such policies.” 28 TAC § 5.9923(c). An insurer is entitled to recoup one-third of the ratio of its assessment to the amount of its direct earned premiums for the calendar year immediately preceding the year the assessment is made, each year for three years, “so that, over the three-year period, the aggregate of all surcharges by the insurer . . . is at least equal to the amount of the assessment.” Insurance Code § 2211.104(c); 28 TAC § 5.9923(c).
For assessments made in 2024, an insurer must use its 2023 direct earned premium as reported in its financial statements to calculate its uniform percentage for the surcharge.
For assessments made in 2025, an insurer must use its 2024 direct earned premium as reported in its financial statements to calculate its uniform percentage for the surcharge.
11. May an insurer round surcharges to the nearest dollar?
Yes. An insurer may round surcharges to the nearest dollar (50 cents and higher rounded up to next dollar and 49 cents or less rounded down). The minimum surcharge may be one dollar. 28 TAC § 5.9923(c).
12. Over what period of time may an insurer surcharge policies?
An insurer that surcharges policies may only do so during the three-year period that begins 90 days after the assessment. Insurance Code § 2211.104; 28 TAC § 5.9923.
There is no authority for surcharging a policy with an effective date outside the prescribed three-year period, which begins 90 days after the date of assessment.
13. What if an insurer is not ready to surcharge policies with effective dates at the beginning of the three-year period?
An insurer is not required to begin surcharging immediately at the beginning of the three-year period. However, because an insurer must calculate a uniform percentage to apply to policies subject to surcharge, an insurer that starts surcharging late may not be able to recoup the full amount it otherwise could. This may cause the insurer to under-collect.
An insurer may not extend the three-year period for surcharges, impose other fees or surcharges, or increase its uniform percentage to make up for under-collection due to starting collection at a later date.
14. May an insurer stop collecting before the end of the three-year period?
Yes. An insurer is not required to recoup its entire assessment. TDI expects that insurers will discontinue surcharges once they recoup the amount of their assessment, net of any reinsurance recoveries, or at the end of the three-year period, whichever is earlier.
15. If FAIR Plan assesses an insurer more than once, may an insurer combine multiple surcharges into one charge on a policy?
Yes, but an insurer may only combine surcharges on policies that are subject to both surcharges. In other words, where the three-year periods overlap, an insurer may combine the surcharges.
16. May an insurer collect surcharges in excess of its assessment?
Insurance Code § 2211.104(c) contemplates that an insurer might over-collect. It directs insurers to compute the surcharge amount so the aggregate of all surcharges “is at least equal to the amount of the assessment” (emphasis added).
Insurers may stop collecting the surcharge before the end of the three-year period to minimize over-collection.
17. Must an insurer refund surcharges in the event of mid-term cancellations or policy changes?
No. Insurance Code § 2211.104 does not specifically require refunds in the event of mid-term cancellations or policy changes.
18. What if an insurer does not collect sufficient surcharges to recoup its assessment?
An insurer that elects to recoup but does not collect surcharges equal to its assessment during the specified three-year period may not extend the period to collect surcharges, impose other fees or additional surcharges, or increase its uniform percentage to make up for under-collection to recoup its assessment.
19. Must an insurer give notice to policyholders of surcharges, and, if so, how? Are there requirements for how an insurer should list the surcharge on declarations and billing?
There are no specific notice, billing, or declarations page requirements for FAIR Plan recoupment surcharges. Insurers may have an interest in letting policyholders know the source of additional charges. If an insurer amends its residential property declarations page form to include information about the surcharge, the insurer must file that form with TDI for approval. 28 TAC § 5.9327.
However, Insurance Code § 550.002 specifies that insurers receiving automatic premium payments through withdrawal of funds from a person’s account may not increase the amount of funds to be withdrawn unless the insurer gives notice of the increase not later than 30 days before the effective date of the increase. This notice is not required if the increase is less than $10 or 10%.
20. How must an insurer report surcharges and assessments in its financial statement?
Statutory accounting requirements provide guidance on how to reflect and report assessments and surcharges related to assessments in financial statements. See Statement of Statutory Accounting Principles No. 35R (Guaranty Fund and Other Assessments); NAIC Annual and Quarterly Statement Instructions.
21. Are there any required rate or form filings associated with surcharges?
Yes. An insurer must file information about surcharges in its rate/rule filings. Insurance Code § 2251.101 and 28 TAC § 5.9334(b). These sections require that an insurer must file all rates, supplementary rating information, fees, and additional information as required by statute. The definition of fees includes amounts other than premium collected by the insurer in connection with a policy. 28 TAC § 5.9331(b)(2).
An insurer’s rate/rule filing should include an explanatory memorandum; the amount of its assessment; its direct earned premium for residential and commercial property lines, shown separately; the formula for and calculation of the recoupment surcharge; the date range for surcharge collection; and a marked-up and clean manual page if applicable.
No form filing is required unless an insurer revises or adds a policy form or endorsement. Also, if an insurer amends its residential property declarations page form to include information about the surcharge, the insurer must file that form with TDI for approval. 28 TAC § 5.9327.
22. Are surcharges subject to commissions or premium taxes?
Commission arrangements are a matter of contract between insurers and agents. No statute or rule addresses whether insurers owe commissions on recoupment surcharges.
The Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts is responsible for determining whether surcharges are subject to taxation and has posted an FAQ on the topic.
For questions about this bulletin, email PropertyCasualty@tdi.texas.gov.